The Movie "Gladiator" in Historical Perspective
by Allen Ward, University of Connecticut
Further Reading
Original Sources
Cassius Dio, Roman History, Books 72 and 73 in vol. 8 of the Loeb Classical Library edition by E. Cary, 1925 (Books 71 and 72 in the Greek text of Boissevain).
Herodian, History (Loeb ed. By C. R. Whittaker, 1969).
Historia Augusta, (Loeb ed. By D. Magie, 1921-1932); translation of the first half published as Lives of the Later Caesars by A. R. Birley (Penguin, 1976).
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations (To Himself), translated by M. Staniforth (Penguin, 1964) or C.R. Haines (Loeb ed. 1924).
Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Correspondence (Loeb ed. By C. R. Haines, 1919-1920).
Biography and Political History
Birley, A.R., Marcus Aurelius: A Biography, Yale U. P., 1987
__________, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, Yale U. P., 1989.
Grant, M., The Antoninies: The Roman Empire in Transition, Routledge, 1994.
Games and Gladiators
Barton, C., The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster, Princeton U.P., 1993.
________, Roman Honor: The Fire in the Bones, U. California P., 2001.
Cameron, A., Bread and Circuses: The Roman Emperor and His People, Oxford U. P.,1974.
Futrell, A., Blood in the Arena, The Spectacle of Roman Power, U. Texas P., 1997.
Harris, H. A., Sport in Greece and Rome, Thames and Hudson, 1972.
Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal, Cambridge U. P., 1983.
Kohne, E. and C. Ewigleben, Gladiators and Caesars, U. California P., 2000.
Kyle, D. G., Spectacles of death in Ancient Rome, Routledge, 1988.
Nipple, W., Public Order in Ancient Rome, Cambridge U. P., 1995.
Plass, P., The Game of Death in Ancient Rome, U. Wisconsin P., 1995.
Potter, D. S., and D. J. Mattingly (eds.), Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire, U. Michigan P., 1998.
Wiedemann, T., Emperors and Gladiators, Routledge, 1992.
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